S: That interests me very much. I must confess that I was under the
impression that a W.P.A. insurance was quite sufficient and that losses
due to breakage were covered. I know that F.P.A. insurance dose not cover
losses on consumer goods, but I did think that the W.P.A. insurance covered
more risks than the F.P.A.
B: Actually it is like this. There is some difference between WPA and
FPA. The FPA clause does not cover partial loss of the nature of particular
average, whereas the WPA clause over such losses when they exceed a
prearranged prearranged percentage. For instance, when WPA3% cover is
taken out, a particular average loss under 3% of the insured amount
will not be recoverable but one amounting to or exceeding 3% of the
insured amount will be paid. This is the only difference between WPA
and FPA. Otherwise, the protection under the FPA clause will be almost
identical with that offered by the WPA clause, because in the event
of maritime accidents being encountered in transit, such as stranding ,
fire, explosion or collision, both clauses will cover particular
average losses in full. In present day particular, a WPAIOP cover,
that is,"With Particular Average Irrespective of percentage
is not infrequently granted, in which case all particular average losses
of an accidental nature will be recoverable and the protection will be
much wider than the FPA clause.
史：這很有意思。我得承認以往我是以為投保水漬險就足夠了，包括由于破碎而引
起的損失在內。我知道平安險并不包括消費品的種種損失。但我的確認為水漬險承保的
范圍比平安險要寬得多。
白：實際上是這樣的。水漬險和平安險是有些不同。平安險條款不包括單獨海損性質
的部分損失，而水債險條款當超過事先商定的百分比時，則包括此類損失。譬如：投
保了;百分之三的水漬險;（WPA3%），當單獨海損的損失在所保金額的百分之三以下
時。不賠，但是損失達到成超過所保金額百分之三時，則賠償。這是水漬險和平安險
唯一不同之處。除此之外，平安險所承擔的責任與水漬險所承擔的責任幾乎相同、因
為萬一在運輸途中遭遇海上意外事故，諸如擱淺、著火、爆炸或碰撞，這兩種保險條
款都全部賠償單獨海損的損失。現行慣例，投保WPAIOP即"無免賠率的水清險;
是常常承保的，在這種情況下，屬于意外性質的單獨海損的所有損失都將給予賠償，
承擔的責任范圍比平安險要寬闊得多。
S: I don't mean to annoy you, Mr Bai, I don't quite grasp this, Couldn't
you say it in more understandable terms?
B: I'll try. Neither the WPA nor the FPA mentions the risks covered or
the risks excluded. The extent of insurance is stipulated in the basic
policy form and in the various risks excluded. The extent of insurance
is stipulated in the basic policy form and in the various risk clauses.
Look at the insurance certificates and you will find that the risks of
theft and you will find that the risks of theft and pilferage, freshwater,
oil, grease, hooks, breakage, leakage, contamination, deterioration, etc.
are specifically mentioned, and must be specifically applied for. These
are special risks. FPA stands for ;Free from Particular Average;while
WPA or WA stands for "With Particular Average."
史：白先生，我并不想叫你生氣，不過我還抓不住要領，你能否用更易懂的語言談
一談呢？
白：我試試看。無論水漬險還是平安險都不指明包括那些險別，或不包括那些險別。
保險范圍是寫在基本保險單內和在各種險別的條款里。看一下保險憑證，你看，對偷
竊除，淡水險，沾染油漬險，油污險，破損險，破碎險，滲漏險，沽污險，變質險等，
都是特別提出來的，必須特別申保。這些就是特別險。FPA是代表"Free
from Particular Average"（平安險）而WPA或WA是代表"With ParticularAverage
（水漬險）。
S: Mr Bai, I must say that you have corrected my ideas about the insurance.
I see now that this is far more complicated than I ever imagined.
L: Now I know why you often point out to us the wording of some letter
of credit which you don't feel happy about. But what are we to do about
it? We must keep to the stipulations of the contract and the letter of
credit.
史:白先生，我該說你已經糾正了我對保險的想法。我現在明白，保險問題比我以往
所想象的要復雜得多。
李：現在我才了解為什么你經常向我們指出對某些信用證的措詞你感到不愉快。不過，
我們該怎么辦？我們一定要遵守合同和信用證的規定。
S: the blame rests not alone with the letter of credit. I think the Light
industrial Products Corporation should have understood from our letter
of credit that we wanted the cover of all risks, including the risk of
breakage. So the error was on both sides. I think the loss ought to be
shared by both parties. I think the loss ought to be shared by both parties
- let us say half and half.
L: Our price calculation could hardly admit that, Besides, we acted upon
your instructions so this is not our fault.
史：不單是信用證的過錯。我想輕工業品公司理應從我們的信用證中領會到我們要保
的是一切險，包括破碎險在內。所以雙方都有錯誤。我認為損失應由雙方承擔，我們就各
負擔一半吧。
李：我們所出的價格，難以接受你的提議。此外，我們是按照你們要求辦理的，所以這
不是 我們的過錯。
B: (rising )
I sincerely hope that you gentlemen will settle the to our mutual satisfaction.
S: It goes without saying that both parties must abide by the contract
terms which we have agreed upon and signed. This blunder, which is due
to my ignorance, costs me a pretty penny.
白：（站起身來）我衷心希望你們兩位把這件事解決好，使雙方都滿意。
史：毫無疑問，雙方必須遵守已經同意并已簽署過的合同條款。這次疏忽是由于我的無
知，使我破費了不少錢。
L: We also have learned a lesson from this.
S: To compensate a part of the loss, may I ask you to make us a firm offer
for 50000pieces glazed wall tile CIF Manila including the risk of breakage,
November shipment?
李：我們也從這件事吸取了教訓。
史：為了補償部分損失，可否請你們報給我們一個實盤，50000塊釉瓷磚， CIF馬尼拉，
包括破碎險，十一月裝船？
L: We'll make you an offer tomorrow. Come and see us at 9a.m.
S: Thank you. Then tomorrow at 9.
李：我們明天給你報盤，請上午九點來和我們碰頭。
史：謝謝你，明天九點再見。
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