煙草在種植過程中都會遭受多種病蟲的危害，造成煙葉產量降低、質量下降。生產過程中為應對病蟲害的發生會采取各種各樣的措施，其中使用農藥（化學防(fang)治）是主要方法(fa)之一，煙(yan)(yan)草(cao)農(nong)藥(yao)在控制危險性(xing)、爆發(fa)性(xing)病蟲害(hai)時(shi)，顯示出不(bu)(bu)可替代(dai)的(de)作用。近年，煙(yan)(yan)草(cao)農(nong)藥(yao)在控制煙(yan)(yan)草(cao)病害(hai)做出不(bu)(bu)可抹滅貢獻，同時(shi)由于不(bu)(bu)當的(de)依賴農(nong)藥(yao)防(fang)治和農(nong)藥(yao)使(shi)(shi)用不(bu)(bu)當，造(zao)成煙(yan)(yan)草(cao)農(nong)藥(yao)殘留問題日益嚴重。如何抓好煙(yan)(yan)草(cao)植保農(nong)藥(yao)統一管(guan)理？本文從貴(gui)州(zhou)農(nong)藥(yao)使(shi)(shi)用現狀從發(fa)，闡述貴(gui)州(zhou)畢節農(nong)藥(yao)有效統一管(guan)理方法(fa)，分(fen)析(xi)貴(gui)州(zhou)畢節農(nong)藥(yao)統一管(guan)理效果。
一、貴州煙草農藥使用的不規范現象
農藥品種多，管控農藥效果不好。全省(sheng)25個(ge)縣（市）共使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)了(le)72種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)農(nong)藥(yao)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)殺蟲劑(ji)30種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，殺菌劑(ji)27種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，抗(kang)病毒劑(ji)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，植(zhi)物(wu)生長調節(jie)劑(ji)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，土壤消毒劑(ji)2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，及2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)農(nong)藥(yao)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)不詳(xiang)，沒發現抗(kang)線蟲劑(ji)。這些(xie)農(nong)藥(yao)當中(zhong)，具有(you)(you)(you)(you)煙(yan)草(cao)(cao)登(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)為(wei)46種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)總量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)63.01%；為(wei)推薦意見范(fan)(fan)圍內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)28種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)總量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)38.36%；在煙(yan)草(cao)(cao)上(shang)沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)登(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)但(dan)在其(qi)(qi)(qi)它作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)登(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)25種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)34.25；沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)任何登(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)2.7%。其(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)殺蟲劑(ji)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)在煙(yan)草(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)上(shang)沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)登(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)但(dan)在其(qi)(qi)(qi)它作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)登(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)14種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)46.67%，沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)任何登(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)6.67%。殺菌劑(ji)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)；在煙(yan)草(cao)(cao)上(shang)沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)登(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)但(dan)在其(qi)(qi)(qi)它作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)登(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)29.63%。抗(kang)病毒劑(ji)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)在煙(yan)草(cao)(cao)上(shang)沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)登(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)但(dan)在其(qi)(qi)(qi)它作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)登(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)33.33%。植(zhi)物(wu)生長調節(jie)劑(ji)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)推薦意見范(fan)(fan)圍內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)66.67%。
只認商品名的名聲，不了解通用名及其性能特點。
農藥使用不當，盲目混用、片面追求速效性和施藥方法不當。
二、貴州畢節農藥有效統一管理方法
統一當地當年農藥推薦使用表。畢(bi)節(jie)市煙(yan)(yan)草公(gong)(gong)司技術(shu)中心在(zai)當地當年農藥(yao)推薦使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)表上把(ba)牢(lao)四道關：堅守(shou)大(da)田使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)農藥(yao)第一道關，大(da)田使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)農藥(yao)范圍(wei)嚴控(kong)(kong)在(zai)中國煙(yan)(yan)葉(xie)(xie)公(gong)(gong)司年度煙(yan)(yan)葉(xie)(xie)農藥(yao)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)推薦意(yi)見內；根(gen)據和貴州省煙(yan)(yan)草公(gong)(gong)司簽(qian)訂的煙(yan)(yan)葉(xie)(xie)農殘(can)責任書(shu)，指導各縣做好(hao)農藥(yao)需(xu)求計劃；從技術(shu)層面(mian)把(ba)握好(hao)農藥(yao)產品安(an)全使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)控(kong)(kong)制，給出《畢(bi)節(jie)市年度烤煙(yan)(yan)病蟲(chong)害防(fang)控(kong)(kong)農藥(yao)推薦表》；根(gen)據病蟲(chong)害測報體(ti)系，做好(hao)農藥(yao)種類、數量、次數指導。
統一招標或采購當年全市實際使用農藥。畢節市農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)中心根(gen)據各縣農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)需(xu)(xu)求(qiu)，聯系(xi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)廠家或(huo)(huo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)代理商(shang)，對所(suo)(suo)(suo)需(xu)(xu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)價格進行談(tan)(tan)(tan)判(pan)(pan)或(huo)(huo)采購(gou)。所(suo)(suo)(suo)有談(tan)(tan)(tan)判(pan)(pan)或(huo)(huo)采購(gou)工(gong)作(zuo)必須(xu)(xu)堅守以下幾原則：所(suo)(suo)(suo)需(xu)(xu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)談(tan)(tan)(tan)判(pan)(pan)的基礎是必須(xu)(xu)在《畢節市年(nian)度烤煙(yan)病(bing)蟲害(hai)防控農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)推(tui)薦表(biao)》目錄上；所(suo)(suo)(suo)需(xu)(xu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)談(tan)(tan)(tan)判(pan)(pan)的原則是防治(zhi)同(tong)一(yi)病(bing)害(hai)的藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)：化(hua)學合成(cheng)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)最多2種、礦物(wu)(wu)(wu)元農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)（無(wu)機化(hua)合物(wu)(wu)(wu)）最多1種、生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)源農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)（天然有機物(wu)(wu)(wu)、抗(kang)生(sheng)素、微生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)）最多1種；所(suo)(suo)(suo)需(xu)(xu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)談(tan)(tan)(tan)判(pan)(pan)的前提是按當年(nian)實際使(shi)用(yong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)進行結算；入庫農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)由(you)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)中心同(tong)一(yi)代管(guan)配送；逐年(nian)引導加大生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)源農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)使(shi)用(yong)量；通過集中談(tan)(tan)(tan)判(pan)(pan)，降低農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民用(yong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)成(cheng)本(ben)。
成立農藥代管配送中心。農藥(yao)(yao)代(dai)管配送中心集中管理全(quan)市所有農藥(yao)(yao)，農藥(yao)(yao)按當年實(shi)際(ji)使用(yong)農藥(yao)(yao)進行結算(suan)。避免計劃采(cai)購和(he)實(shi)際(ji)用(yong)量造成偏(pian)差，避免了各(ge)縣(xian)煙草分公司(si)用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)種類少而用(yong)相似類庫(ku)存藥(yao)(yao)防治，規避了縣(xian)級農藥(yao)(yao)長(chang)期庫(ku)存浪費。
農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)代(dai)(dai)管配送中(zhong)心是(shi)科學正(zheng)確使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的平臺。農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)代(dai)(dai)管配送中(zhong)心構建緊(jin)緊(jin)圍繞(rao)植保用(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)需求，重(zhong)點(dian)通過貴州畢節(jie)OA辦公網絡，有(you)序逐層下發農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)信息。如入庫目錄重(zhong)點(dian)突出(chu)性價比和(he)畝用(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)、簡易使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)說(shuo)明是(shi)針對(dui)煙(yan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)特(te)點(dian)特(te)定而做、詳細使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)說(shuo)明針對(dui)產(chan)品特(te)點(dian)和(he)安全間隔周期(qi)、廠(chang)家農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)試驗過程(cheng)是(shi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)怎樣(yang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)才能藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)效明顯。使(shi)決策(ce)(ce)層用(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)決策(ce)(ce)正(zheng)確、要弄用(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)明白。
農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)代管(guan)配送中心對農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)供(gong)應商、農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)產品和農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)使用品種(zhong)數量進行有效管(guan)控(kong)、調控(kong)建立了(le)機制。比如詳細審(shen)核(he)了(le)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)供(gong)應商的(de)(de)資質和進藥(yao)渠道、嚴格審(shen)查了(le)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)產品的(de)(de)“三(san)證”、調控(kong)了(le)各縣(xian)分公司同一種(zhong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)使用不得(de)超過2年(nian)。四是農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)代管(guan)配送中心通過全市(shi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)集中，各縣(xian)報(bao)需求，中心快速(su)配送。推(tui)動(dong)全市(shi)各涉(she)煙合(he)作(zuo)(zuo)社專業(ye)化植保工作(zuo)(zuo)有效提升。緩(huan)解了(le)煙農(nong)(nong)(nong)在市(shi)場(chang)亂(luan)購(gou)藥(yao)的(de)(de)問題。
嚴格執行農藥代管配送統一管理兩流程。農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)進貨(huo)(huo)流(liu)程，（A）儲(chu)備農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)進貨(huo)(huo)流(liu)程：市(shi)局（公司(si)）技術中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)測報(bao)(bao)(bao)上(shang)級站(zhan)根據(ju)常年(nian)病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)發生(sheng)(sheng)情況預測當年(nian)病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)發生(sheng)(sheng)趨勢→提(ti)(ti)出病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)防治需儲(chu)備的(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)種類(lei)、數(shu)量→提(ti)(ti)交(jiao)七星關煙農(nong)(nong)(nong)服務(wu)合(he)作(zuo)(zuo)社(she)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)配(pei)(pei)送(song)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)→合(he)作(zuo)(zuo)社(she)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)配(pei)(pei)送(song)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)向農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)供(gong)(gong)應商提(ti)(ti)供(gong)(gong)需要(yao)的(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)種類(lei)、數(shu)量→農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)供(gong)(gong)應商組織調運農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)→合(he)作(zuo)(zuo)社(she)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)配(pei)(pei)送(song)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)驗收入(ru)庫。（B）臨時所需農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)進貨(huo)(huo)流(liu)程：各縣（區）病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)測報(bao)(bao)(bao)站(zhan)病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)測報(bao)(bao)(bao)員根據(ju)突發性(xing)病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)發生(sheng)(sheng)情況，診斷病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)種類(lei)→確定需要(yao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)種類(lei)、數(shu)量→報(bao)(bao)(bao)市(shi)局（公司(si)）技術中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)測報(bao)(bao)(bao)三級站(zhan)→市(shi)局（公司(si)）技術中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)測報(bao)(bao)(bao)三級站(zhan)審核(he)確認后→提(ti)(ti)交(jiao)七星關煙農(nong)(nong)(nong)服務(wu)合(he)作(zuo)(zuo)社(she)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)配(pei)(pei)送(song)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)（以下簡稱農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)配(pei)(pei)送(song)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)）→農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)配(pei)(pei)送(song)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)向農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)供(gong)(gong)應商提(ti)(ti)供(gong)(gong)需要(yao)的(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)種類(lei)、數(shu)量→農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)供(gong)(gong)應商組織調運農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)→農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)配(pei)(pei)送(song)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)驗收入(ru)庫。
農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)配(pei)送流程，各縣（區）煙葉(xie)股向委托代銷農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的合(he)(he)作(zuo)社(she)(she)提供(gong)所需(xu)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的種類、數量并開具農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)調撥證明(ming)→合(he)(he)作(zuo)社(she)(she)向農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)配(pei)送中(zhong)心(xin)出具農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)調撥證明(ming)及所需(xu)調撥農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的種類、數量→農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)配(pei)送中(zhong)心(xin)確認后發貨→合(he)(he)作(zuo)社(she)(she)負責組織調運(yun)、上下車→合(he)(he)作(zuo)社(she)(she)向煙農(nong)銷售農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)→合(he)(he)作(zuo)社(she)(she)將農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)銷售款匯入(ru)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)配(pei)送中(zhong)心(xin)帳戶(hu)→農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)配(pei)送中(zhong)心(xin)與農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)供(gong)應商結算貨款。
三、貴州畢節農藥有效統一管理效果
現行使用(yong)(yong)農(nong)藥有效(xiao)控制(zhi)在中(zhong)(zhong)國煙(yan)葉公司(si)年(nian)度煙(yan)葉農(nong)藥使用(yong)(yong)推(tui)薦(jian)意見內。畢節市煙(yan)草公司(si)技術(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)心把(ba)牢(lao)第一(yi)道指導關(guan)(guan)、農(nong)藥代管配(pei)送中(zhong)(zhong)心把(ba)牢(lao)進貨(huo)關(guan)(guan)，使中(zhong)(zhong)國煙(yan)葉公司(si)年(nian)度煙(yan)葉農(nong)藥使用(yong)(yong)推(tui)薦(jian)意見得到俱(ju)實執(zhi)行。
有效(xiao)緩解畢節(jie)煙草農(nong)藥使用過程中的“3R”問題，即“殘留、抗性(xing)、再度猖獗”。這(zhe)些都(dou)是通(tong)過統一(yi)管理中各環節(jie)協同(tong)來實現的。
有(you)效(xiao)降(jiang)低(di)了農藥成本(ben)。成本(ben)的(de)降(jiang)低(di)來(lai)源(yuan)于三(san)個方面，即“談判降(jiang)低(di)進貨價格、最大化藥效(xiao)降(jiang)低(di)使(shi)用(yong)量、降(jiang)低(di)無用(yong)庫存消耗”。
引導加大使用生物源農藥（天(tian)然(ran)有機物、抗生素、微生物），逐(zhu)年提升貴州畢節煙葉“安全、生態、環保”性。
