———訪(fang)中(zhong)國農業科學(xue)院研(yan)究員、種子專家佟屏亞教(jiao)授
2005年我國種(zhong)業在蓬勃發展的道路上又向前邁進了(le)一步。古人說:“溫故可(ke)以知新,學史可(ke)以明(ming)志”。回顧剛(gang)(gang)剛(gang)(gang)過去的2005年種(zhong)子行業發生的大事,也能有所(suo)收獲(huo)。為此,本報(bao)記(ji)者采訪了(le)中國農業科學院研究員、種(zhong)子專(zhuan)家佟(tong)屏亞教授,點評種(zhong)業大事。
豐樂種業
違規作假被曝光
記者:據報道,2005年(nian)伊始,中國證(zheng)(zheng)監會行(xing)政處罰第(di)一單(dan)被“上市(shi)8年(nian)連續6年(nian)財務造(zao)假”的豐(feng)樂(le)種業(ye)拔得“頭籌”。豐(feng)樂(le)種業(ye)挪(nuo)用(yong)3.83億募集資金進行(xing)證(zheng)(zheng)券投資、虛構2億元募資項目,虛構利(li)潤4006萬(wan)元。您對(dui)此事(shi)有何看法?
佟屏亞:豐(feng)樂(le)種業(ye)(ye)(ye)因最早進入資(zi)(zi)本市(shi)(shi)場被譽(yu)為“中國(guo)種業(ye)(ye)(ye)第一股”。上市(shi)(shi)后(hou)(hou)的(de)豐(feng)樂(le)種業(ye)(ye)(ye)憑借融資(zi)(zi)渠道快(kuai)速擴張(zhang),發展成為令人矚目的(de)種業(ye)(ye)(ye)“大(da)亨”。但(dan)豐(feng)樂(le)種業(ye)(ye)(ye)上市(shi)(shi)時沒(mei)有及時剪斷舊(jiu)體(ti)制(zhi)的(de)“臍帶”,母公(gong)司(si)(si)與子公(gong)司(si)(si)在主體(ti)、機構(gou)(gou)、功能方面新(xin)舊(jiu)體(ti)制(zhi)交叉重疊,集團(tuan)管理(li)(li)層次(ci)模(mo)糊,類似(si)“四世同堂(tang)”,難以建(jian)(jian)立現代企業(ye)(ye)(ye)管理(li)(li)制(zhi)度和規范治理(li)(li)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou),員(yuan)工思(si)維模(mo)式、行(xing)為方式、心(xin)理(li)(li)心(xin)態(tai)難以走出(chu)舊(jiu)體(ti)制(zhi)的(de)“窠臼”。豐(feng)樂(le)種業(ye)(ye)(ye)上市(shi)(shi)后(hou)(hou)試(shi)圖通過(guo)整合(he)區域銷售網絡控制(zhi)安徽種業(ye)(ye)(ye)市(shi)(shi)場,在全省建(jian)(jian)立控股連鎖(suo)子公(gong)司(si)(si),追求“做大(da)做強”。但(dan)因國(guo)有產權一股獨大(da),體(ti)制(zhi)僵化(hua),缺(que)乏精細(xi)化(hua)管理(li)(li),創新(xin)能力不足,缺(que)少優勢產品(pin),銷售管理(li)(li)滯后(hou)(hou),產業(ye)(ye)(ye)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)及產品(pin)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)不合(he)理(li)(li),盲目進行(xing)多(duo)元化(hua)投資(zi)(zi),現金流不足以支撐(cheng)擴張(zhang)整合(he)速度,導(dao)致資(zi)(zi)金鏈(lian)越(yue)(yue)繃越(yue)(yue)緊,最后(hou)(hou)以市(shi)(shi)場整合(he)失敗(bai)而告(gao)終。在玉(yu)米、水稻等主業(ye)(ye)(ye)營銷方面缺(que)乏核心(xin)產品(pin),連年效益欠佳。
發改委發文
實(shi)行“種子限價(jia)管理”
記者: 2005年(nian),有(you)相(xiang)當一部分省、市、縣陸續公(gong)布了種(zhong)子限(xian)價(jia)管理措(cuo)施,據(ju)說有(you)的地方(fang)還實行了“明碼標價(jia)”銷售,這對種(zhong)業發展有(you)何(he)影響?
佟屏(ping)亞:2004年3月26日(ri),國(guo)家發(fa)改委、農業(ye)部聯合(he)下發(fa)緊急通(tong)知(zhi),要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)加強(qiang)對(dui)糧食作(zuo)物(wu)(wu)種子價(jia)格管理(li)。通(tong)知(zhi)強(qiang)調,各地加強(qiang)對(dui)種子價(jia)格的監(jian)測,制(zhi)定(ding)防止種子價(jia)格顯著上(shang)漲(zhang)或者有可(ke)能顯著上(shang)漲(zhang)的工作(zuo)預案(an),適(shi)時(shi)采取價(jia)格干預措(cuo)施(shi)。對(dui)當地主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)糧食作(zuo)物(wu)(wu)種子可(ke)實行(xing)限定(ding)批零環節(jie)差(cha)價(jia)率或者利(li)潤率,規定(ding)零售環節(jie)最高限價(jia),實行(xing)提價(jia)申(shen)報制(zhi)度和(he)調價(jia)備(bei)案(an)制(zhi)度等。
種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)限(xian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)是(shi)《種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)法》頒(ban)布后政(zheng)府第一次(ci)采用(yong)行政(zheng)措施限(xian)制(zhi)(zhi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge),其(qi)目的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)“保護種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)生(sheng)產(chan)者、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)經(jing)(jing)營者以及種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)糧農民的(de)(de)(de)利(li)益”,試圖對(dui)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)市(shi)場(chang)發(fa)育(yu)起良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)穩定和引(yin)導作用(yong)。但(dan)業界(jie)人(ren)士質(zhi)疑:其(qi)一,價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)制(zhi)(zhi)對(dui)我國(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)市(shi)場(chang)只(zhi)具有部分(fen)適應性,種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)過高(gao)(gao)或(huo)不合(he)理(li)并不都適合(he)通過價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)制(zhi)(zhi)來(lai)治(zhi)理(li)。其(qi)二(er),部分(fen)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)上揚反(fan)映供求關系的(de)(de)(de)自我調(diao)節,是(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)向價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值的(de)(de)(de)理(li)性回歸,是(shi)市(shi)場(chang)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)發(fa)揮(hui)作用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)表現。沿襲(xi)計劃經(jing)(jing)濟而(er)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)中國(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)與世界(jie)其(qi)他國(guo)家相比存在較大(da)的(de)(de)(de)差距。在全球經(jing)(jing)濟一體化發(fa)展趨勢下(xia),種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業國(guo)際化乃(nai)大(da)勢所趨。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)限(xian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li),勢必影響中國(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)業發(fa)展并在價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)上與國(guo)際接(jie)軌。我國(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)市(shi)場(chang)從總體看仍(reng)處于高(gao)(gao)度分(fen)散狀態(tai),盡管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)兼(jian)具完(wan)全競爭與壟斷經(jing)(jing)營的(de)(de)(de)特征,但(dan)壟斷經(jing)(jing)營不是(shi)市(shi)場(chang)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)上揚或(huo)利(li)潤率(lv)高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)主要原因。從促進中國(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業發(fa)展而(er)言,應加強相關政(zheng)策的(de)(de)(de)配(pei)套改革(ge)和種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)市(shi)場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)規范建設。
棉田里發生的
中外種子爭奪戰
記者:2005年種業(ye)的一件大事(shi)是(shi)中國成為世界上第二個擁有轉基因抗蟲棉自主知(zhi)識(shi)產權最(zui)多的國家。如何客觀地(di)看(kan)待這(zhe)件事(shi)情?
佟屏亞:2005年(nian)6月22日(ri),農業部(bu)宣布,中國轉基(ji)因(yin)抗蟲(chong)(chong)棉種(zhong)植(zhi)面積(ji)從2001年(nian)的(de)(de)2500萬(wan)畝增加到2004年(nian)的(de)(de)5550萬(wan)畝,占(zhan)全國棉花種(zhong)植(zhi)面積(ji)的(de)(de)2/3。科(ke)研單位先后(hou)育成(cheng)幾十個具有較強競(jing)爭力的(de)(de)轉基(ji)因(yin)抗蟲(chong)(chong)棉品種(zhong),其中具有自主知識(shi)產權的(de)(de)轉基(ji)因(yin)抗蟲(chong)(chong)棉種(zhong)植(zhi)面積(ji)占(zhan)70%,超過了幾年(nian)前(qian)孟山都公司(si)在中國種(zhong)植(zhi)抗蟲(chong)(chong)棉的(de)(de)面積(ji)。
中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)是(shi)(shi)世界上(shang)(shang)最大的(de)(de)(de)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)花生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)和消費國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。經過農業(ye)部批(pi)準,孟(meng)(meng)山(shan)都(dou)公(gong)司第(di)一(yi)次把保鈴棉(mian)(mian)(mian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)引進中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),2003年種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植面積(ji)達到(dao)5000多(duo)(duo)(duo)萬畝。孟(meng)(meng)山(shan)都(dou)公(gong)司轉基(ji)因抗(kang)(kang)蟲(chong)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)占據中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)60%以(yi)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)市(shi)(shi)場份額。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)抗(kang)(kang)蟲(chong)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)研究奮起緊追,建立具有國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際先進水平的(de)(de)(de)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)花轉基(ji)因技術平臺,迅速趕上(shang)(shang)并超過了孟(meng)(meng)山(shan)都(dou)公(gong)司抗(kang)(kang)蟲(chong)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植面積(ji)。國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)產(chan)轉基(ji)因抗(kang)(kang)蟲(chong)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)在發(fa)展過程中(zhong)(zhong)存在的(de)(de)(de)突(tu)出問題(ti):一(yi)是(shi)(shi)育種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)速度(du)快(kuai),突(tu)破性品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)少(shao);二是(shi)(shi)推廣品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)多(duo)(duo)(duo),生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)用(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)多(duo)(duo)(duo)、亂、雜;三是(shi)(shi)市(shi)(shi)場主體多(duo)(duo)(duo),缺少(shao)優(you)勢(shi)企業(ye);四是(shi)(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)利潤高,品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)權(quan)益難保證。最關鍵的(de)(de)(de)難題(ti)是(shi)(shi)誰來(lai)推進國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)產(chan)抗(kang)(kang)蟲(chong)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)產(chan)業(ye)化。權(quan)威人士指出:盡管發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)在中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)田里的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)外種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)競爭初戰獲(huo)勝,但中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)轉基(ji)因抗(kang)(kang)蟲(chong)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)產(chan)業(ye)化發(fa)展卻遇(yu)到(dao)了難以(yi)逾越的(de)(de)(de)“瓶頸”,它(ta)涉(she)及(ji)到(dao)體制(zhi)、機制(zhi)和環境。根(gen)據中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)現在的(de)(de)(de)行政管理(li)制(zhi)度(du)、科研育種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)體制(zhi)以(yi)及(ji)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)市(shi)(shi)場化進程,還(huan)有很多(duo)(duo)(duo)亟待解決和難以(yi)理(li)順的(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)。國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)產(chan)抗(kang)(kang)蟲(chong)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)產(chan)業(ye)化發(fa)展設想(xiang)還(huan)只是(shi)(shi)停留在紙面上(shang)(shang)和議論(lun)上(shang)(shang),實現這一(yi)目標任重道遠。 |