春(chun)天，是(shi)熱鬧非凡的(de)(de)(de)充滿生機活力的(de)(de)(de)季節。在中(zhong)國，江南的(de)(de)(de)春(chun)天，陽光熾烈，溪水流淌，蝶舞蜂喧，鳥(niao)(niao)語(yu)花香，廢寢忘食(shi)漁(yu)歌晚；而(er)塞北(bei)正值冰雪消(xiao)融，風和(he)(he)日暖，樹綠草(cao)萌，燕(yan)歸蟲唱(chang)(chang)，熱火朝天耕種忙。春(chun)天，山(shan)鳥(niao)(niao)飛林間榆錢起梁間燕(yan)子歸來尋故(gu)地林中(zhong)杜鵑鳴唱(chang)(chang)催種田(tian)天與禾苗互增色(se)，豐(feng)收(shou)有望。陽光下群鳥(niao)(niao)掠(lve)晴空(kong)，沼澤爛漫；田(tian)園中(zhong)鐵(tie)犁(li)梳大(da)地，泥土芬(fen)芳，可(ke)是(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)景觀在許多地方(fang)已經(jing)不多見了(le)。由(you)于大(da)量使(shi)用(yong)(yong)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)在殺死害(hai)蟲的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時也會(hui)殺死其它(ta)食(shi)害(hai)蟲的(de)(de)(de)益(yi)鳥(niao)(niao)、益(yi)獸使(shi)食(shi)害(hai)蟲的(de)(de)(de)益(yi)鳥(niao)(niao)、益(yi)獸大(da)大(da)減少從(cong)而(er)破壞了(le)生態平衡。經(jing)常使(shi)用(yong)(yong)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)使(shi)害(hai)蟲產生了(le)抗藥(yao)(yao)性(xing)導致(zhi)用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)次(ci)數和(he)(he)用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)量的(de)(de)(de)增加加大(da)了(le)對(dui)環境的(de)(de)(de)污染(ran)(ran)和(he)(he)生態的(de)(de)(de)破壞由(you)此形成濫用(yong)(yong)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)導致(zhi)春(chun)天不再有鳥(niao)(niao)語(yu)花香，而(er)帶來的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)死一(yi)(yi)(yi)般的(de)(de)(de)寂(ji)靜(jing)。1962年(nian)，美(mei)國女作家RackelCarson出版(ban)《寂(ji)靜(jing)的(de)(de)(de)春(chun)天》（《SilentSpring》）一(yi)(yi)(yi)書，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)本(ben)書猶如(ru)一(yi)(yi)(yi)磅重型炸彈(dan)在世界引起了(le)轟動，導致(zhi)公(gong)眾對(dui)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)信心(xin)受(shou)到了(le)動搖。當時在這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)本(ben)書勾勒一(yi)(yi)(yi)幅非常嚴酷的(de)(de)(de)畫(hua)面，該書稱(cheng)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)殺害(hai)野生物，危害(hai)兒(er)童健康(kang)，污染(ran)(ran)生態環境等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)，使(shi)春(chun)天的(de)(de)(de)生機不再，成為了(le)寂(ji)靜(jing)的(de)(de)(de)春(chun)天。
“寂靜的(de)春(chun)天”使(shi)生(sheng)物農(nong)藥發展(zhan)成為必然
農(nong)藥行(xing)業(ye)是個(ge)關聯性強的行(xing)業(ye)，生產本身(shen)涉及(ji)資源配(pei)置、員工(gong)的健(jian)康安全(quan)、排放造成的污染等(deng)；使用(yong)過程涉及(ji)用(yong)戶人身(shen)安全(quan)、作物的豐(feng)欠和質(zhi)量等(deng)；長遠則影響到生態環境和食品安全(quan)等(deng)，化(hua)學(xue)(xue)農(nong)藥和其它(ta)化(hua)學(xue)(xue)物質(zhi)一樣(yang)，對于生態環境自然會有(you)一些負面影響。
如：部(bu)分(fen)(fen)農(nong)藥(yao)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)藥(yao)害；生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)排放污染物；部(bu)分(fen)(fen)高殘留農(nong)藥(yao)殘存(cun)于農(nong)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)中，影響農(nong)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)質量；高毒農(nong)藥(yao)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)如甲胺磷、對硫磷、甲基對硫磷、磷胺、久效磷在(zai)制(zhi)造、使(shi)(shi)用(yong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中引(yin)起(qi)中毒；使(shi)(shi)用(yong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中部(bu)分(fen)(fen)農(nong)藥(yao)以及大(da)量芳烴和其它溶(rong)劑進(jin)入環境(jing)，僅(jin)我(wo)國進(jin)入環境(jing)的(de)甲苯(ben)、二甲苯(ben)等芳烴就(jiu)達26萬t/a左右；殺死有益生(sheng)(sheng)物，如天敵、鳥類、水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)動物、蚯(qiu)蚓(yin)等；“寂靜的(de)春天”激發(fa)(fa)了(le)政府部(bu)門(men)對環境(jing)的(de)重視，引(yin)發(fa)(fa)了(le)植物保護工作者(zhe)對農(nong)藥(yao)進(jin)行選擇(ze)性農(nong)藥(yao)的(de)研(yan)究，非農(nong)藥(yao)工作人員當時(shi)通過(guo)栽培手段減少農(nong)藥(yao)的(de)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)量，也就(jiu)是我(wo)們現在(zai)所說(shuo)的(de)IPM的(de)前身，引(yin)起(qi)了(le)農(nong)藥(yao)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)性的(de)改變，向(xiang)(xiang)高效、低毒、綠色環保發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，向(xiang)(xiang)生(sheng)(sheng)物農(nong)藥(yao)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。
生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)是用(yong)(yong)來防治農(nong)業病蟲(chong)草(cao)鼠害和(he)衛生(sheng)害蟲(chong)等(deng)有(you)害生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)活(huo)體及其(qi)(qi)生(sheng)理活(huo)性(xing)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質，并可(ke)以(yi)制成商品上市(shi)流通(tong)的(de)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)源制劑，包(bao)括微生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)源（細(xi)菌、病毒、真菌及其(qi)(qi)次級(ji)代謝產物(wu)(wu)(wu)等(deng)）、植物(wu)(wu)(wu)源、動物(wu)(wu)(wu)源和(he)抗病蟲(chong)草(cao)害的(de)轉(zhuan)基因植物(wu)(wu)(wu)等(deng)。生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)由于(yu)無毒，不污(wu)染環境以(yi)及病蟲(chong)害不易產生(sheng)抗藥(yao)(yao)性(xing)等(deng)優點，被人們稱之(zhi)為(wei)綠色農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)。迫于(yu)安全、環境和(he)生(sheng)態方面的(de)壓力，各國(guo)政府都(dou)對(dui)化(hua)學(xue)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)制定了(le)一系(xi)列十分嚴厲的(de)法(fa)律和(he)法(fa)規，對(dui)化(hua)學(xue)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)的(de)生(sheng)產與應(ying)用(yong)(yong)做了(le)許多限制，提出了(le)發(fa)展生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)。
幾(ji)年來(lai)，植保(bao)工(gong)作面臨尷尬難題：科技手段(duan)越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)先進(jin)，農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)越(yue)打越(yue)多，但病(bing)蟲(chong)害(hai)也愈(yu)加猖獗，從上世紀９０年代的(de)(de)(de)(de)棉鈴蟲(chong)橫行(xing)到近(jin)一兩(liang)年的(de)(de)(de)(de)稻飛虱肆虐。江(jiang)蘇省(sheng)農(nong)(nong)科院植保(bao)副(fu)所(suo)長陳志誼(yi)說，由(you)于過于強調農(nong)(nong)作物高產(chan)，而高產(chan)必(bi)然帶(dai)來(lai)病(bing)蟲(chong)害(hai)高發(fa)(fa)，又不(bu)得不(bu)投入大量農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)防治，結果是(shi)天敵減少、環境惡(e)化，農(nong)(nong)產(chan)品(pin)安全得不(bu)到保(bao)證。因此(ci)，農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)遇到了綠色(se)植保(bao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)挑(tiao)戰，對(dui)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)提(ti)出了苛刻的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求。有人甚(shen)至提(ti)出農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)生產(chan)與使用的(de)(de)(de)(de)"零風險"與"零殘留"的(de)(de)(de)(de)絕對(dui)要(yao)求。當(dang)然，這樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)苛刻要(yao)求也給農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)帶(dai)來(lai)了動(dong)力。歷史是(shi)現實的(de)(de)(de)(de)一面鏡子，農(nong)(nong)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)持續發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)和(he)綠色(se)植保(bao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求左右(you)著(zhu)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)工(gong)業(ye)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方向和(he)軌跡。
20世紀(ji)60年(nian)代后，我國農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)產(chan)業的(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展出現了很大的(de)變化，一(yi)批(pi)高毒、高殘留的(de)有(you)機(ji)(ji)氯、有(you)機(ji)(ji)汞和(he)有(you)機(ji)(ji)砷制(zhi)劑被禁(jin)止使用(yong)。1983年(nian)，為了適應可(ke)持續發(fa)(fa)(fa)展農(nong)業的(de)需(xu)要(yao)，我國正式禁(jin)用(yong)六六六、DDT等有(you)機(ji)(ji)氯類(lei)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，并且制(zhi)定了一(yi)系列農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)管(guan)理、生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)、使用(yong)方面的(de)條例與法規(gui)，同時制(zhi)定了嚴格的(de)污染物(wu)(wu)排(pai)放(fang)(fang)標(biao)準，強化了對污染物(wu)(wu)的(de)監(jian)控與排(pai)放(fang)(fang)管(guan)理，以確保(bao)生(sheng)(sheng)態環境不再(zai)繼續惡化并逐(zhu)步得到改善，保(bao)障(zhang)我國農(nong)業生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)持續發(fa)(fa)(fa)展。一(yi)大批(pi)高效、低殘留的(de)有(you)機(ji)(ji)磷(lin)、氨(an)基甲酸酯(zhi)、除(chu)蟲菊酯(zhi)、有(you)機(ji)(ji)氮、含(han)雜環類(lei)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)品(pin)種被成功開(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)并很快(kuai)投放(fang)(fang)市場，同時研究開(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)出一(yi)批(pi)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)源農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。如井岡霉(mei)素(su)、瀏陽(yang)霉(mei)素(su)等，農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)用(yong)量(liang)每平方百米由幾十千克(ke)下降到幾百克(ke)，甚至幾克(ke)。近年(nian)來(lai)，為了適應生(sheng)(sheng)態農(nong)業的(de)要(yao)求，人們開(kai)始研究"綠色農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)"（Green Pesticide）。尤其是生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)大有(you)方興(xing)未艾之勢。
近年(nian)來(lai)，我國(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)物農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)市(shi)(shi)場需求(qiu)量(liang)(liang)不斷增加，產(chan)(chan)業(ye)發展(zhan)速度(du)較快。2005年(nian)，中(zhong)國(guo)各類(lei)生(sheng)(sheng)物農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)總(zong)需求(qiu)量(liang)(liang)達到(dao)14.5萬噸，總(zong)銷售(shou)量(liang)(liang)額(e)(e)約(yue)為(wei)８～１０億(yi)元，Ｂｔ殺蟲(chong)(chong)劑(ji)只占(zhan)(zhan)市(shi)(shi)場份(fen)額(e)(e)的(de)(de)(de)２％，棉(mian)鈴蟲(chong)(chong)病(bing)(bing)毒(du)殺蟲(chong)(chong)劑(ji)占(zhan)(zhan)0.2％，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)用(yong)(yong)抗(kang)生(sheng)(sheng)素(su)占(zhan)(zhan)９％，植(zhi)物源農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)占(zhan)(zhan)0.5％。2006年(nian)到(dao)今(jin)年(nian)上半(ban)年(nian)仍然保(bao)持了較快的(de)(de)(de)增長，預計今(jin)后１０年(nian)內(nei)，生(sheng)(sheng)物農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)將取代20％以上的(de)(de)(de)化學農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)。我國(guo)是(shi)(shi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)大國(guo)，對生(sheng)(sheng)物農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)市(shi)(shi)場需求(qiu)量(liang)(liang)很(hen)大。我國(guo)小(xiao)麥、水稻(dao)、玉(yu)米和(he)棉(mian)花的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)植(zhi)面積約(yue)9000多萬公(gong)頃，蔬菜、煙(yan)葉種(zhong)植(zhi)面積約(yue)330萬公(gong)頃。每年(nian)棉(mian)鈴蟲(chong)(chong)、小(xiao)菜蛾(e)和(he)甜菜夜蛾(e)等害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)危(wei)害(hai)(hai)面積約(yue)2000萬公(gong)頃，水稻(dao)紋枯(ku)病(bing)(bing)、稻(dao)瘟病(bing)(bing)、白葉枯(ku)病(bing)(bing)、小(xiao)麥白粉病(bing)(bing)、銹病(bing)(bing)、赤霉病(bing)(bing)、植(zhi)物線蟲(chong)(chong)病(bing)(bing)和(he)病(bing)(bing)毒(du)病(bing)(bing)等危(wei)害(hai)(hai)面積約(yue)2700萬公(gong)頃。因此，我國(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)快速發展(zhan)與食品安全的(de)(de)(de)嚴格要(yao)求(qiu)決定了未(wei)來(lai)我國(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)物農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)前景看好，發展(zhan)潛力巨大，生(sheng)(sheng)物農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)是(shi)(shi)綠色(se)食品生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)保(bao)證，發展(zhan)無(wu)公(gong)害(hai)(hai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)，生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)綠色(se)食品是(shi)(shi)國(guo)家(jia)發展(zhan)目標(biao)之一(yi)。在(zai)我國(guo)綠色(se)食品生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)標(biao)準中(zhong)已明(ming)確規定，AA級綠色(se)食品生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)要(yao)使用(yong)(yong)Bt、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)抗(kang)120、井(jing)岡(gang)霉素(su)等生(sheng)(sheng)物農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)。北京、上海、山東、廣州、福建(jian)等省市(shi)(shi)都(dou)已制定了無(wu)公(gong)害(hai)(hai)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)條例，明(ming)確規定蔬菜生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)中(zhong)禁止(zhi)使用(yong)(yong)劇毒(du)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)和(he)部分高毒(du)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)。
在(zai)今后(hou)幾年，占(zhan)(zhan)我國(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)使用量70％左(zuo)右的(de)(de)(de)(de)5種劇(ju)(ju)毒化學(xue)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)將(jiang)(jiang)會(hui)退出市(shi)(shi)(shi)場，取而代之的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)低毒生(sheng)(sheng)物農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。可(ke)以肯定(ding)地說，只(zhi)要農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)需(xu)要，生(sheng)(sheng)物農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)將(jiang)(jiang)會(hui)有(you)更大的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)空(kong)間。大力發(fa)展(zhan)生(sheng)(sheng)物農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)已(yi)成(cheng)為必然的(de)(de)(de)(de)趨勢。從(cong)保護環境(jing)(jing)和生(sheng)(sheng)態的(de)(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)度(du)出發(fa)，研發(fa)各類生(sheng)(sheng)物農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)成(cheng)為科學(xue)家(jia)努(nu)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)向(xiang)，將(jiang)(jiang)有(you)更多的(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)化工(gong)專家(jia)、植物保護專家(jia)從(cong)事生(sheng)(sheng)態化農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)這一(yi)“功在(zai)當(dang)代，利在(zai)千秋”的(de)(de)(de)(de)事業(ye)，生(sheng)(sheng)物技術(shu)是(shi)在(zai)90年代發(fa)展(zhan)最快的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種技術(shu)，也將(jiang)(jiang)是(shi)21世紀的(de)(de)(de)(de)主導技術(shu)之一(yi)。生(sheng)(sheng)物農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)因其(qi)高效、廣譜、對人(ren)畜安(an)全、對生(sheng)(sheng)態環境(jing)(jing)相容等(deng)(deng)特點，必將(jiang)(jiang)成(cheng)為21世紀農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)主導產品。從(cong)全球農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場來看生(sheng)(sheng)物農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)及(ji)轉(zhuan)基因技術(shu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)銷(xiao)(xiao)售額已(yi)占(zhan)(zhan)據全球農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)銷(xiao)(xiao)售總額的(de)(de)(de)(de)10%但這個數字在(zai)我國(guo)還不到5%這也說明生(sheng)(sheng)物農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)在(zai)國(guo)內還有(you)良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場拓展(zhan)空(kong)間。隨著人(ren)們生(sheng)(sheng)活水平(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)高以及(ji)對綠色食品地呼喚生(sheng)(sheng)物農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)在(zai)當(dang)前農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場中備受青(qing)睞。業(ye)內人(ren)士(shi)分析農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場需(xu)求急劇(ju)(ju)增長、出口持(chi)續增長及(ji)其(qi)在(zai)獸(shou)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場份額穩定(ding)增長等(deng)(deng)因素將(jiang)(jiang)推動生(sheng)(sheng)物農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)市(shi)(shi)(shi)樂觀發(fa)展(zhan)。
生物(wu)農藥能否使春天(tian)不再寂靜(jing)
但目前(qian)在銷售(shou)的(de)農(nong)藥(yao)品種中(zhong)，傳(chuan)統(tong)的(de)高(gao)毒農(nong)藥(yao)銷量依(yi)然(ran)居高(gao)不下，而作為(wei)今后農(nong)藥(yao)發展方向的(de)生(sheng)物農(nong)藥(yao)卻遭到冷(leng)落。雖然(ran)，很多人都看(kan)好(hao)生(sheng)物農(nong)藥(yao)，但在具體使用上還有很大的(de)差距，為(wei)何國(guo)家倡導的(de)綠色(se)農(nong)藥(yao)在實際銷售(shou)中(zhong)不敵傳(chuan)統(tong)農(nong)藥(yao)，生(sheng)物農(nong)藥(yao)出現了看(kan)好(hao)不叫座(zuo)的(de)困惑、癥結(jie)何在？
在我國，目前生物農藥(yao)與化學(xue)農藥(yao)相比，市場占(zhan)有率(lv)還很低。其(qi)主要原因有如下幾方面：
1.藥效反應慢市場差(cha)價(jia)小
生物(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)不(bu)具備化學(xue)(xue)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)量少、見效(xiao)(xiao)快的(de)(de)優點，遇(yu)到(dao)突發性和(he)毀滅性病蟲(chong)(chong)害時，生物(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)難(nan)(nan)當重任。生物(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)殺蟲(chong)(chong)劑專一殺蟲(chong)(chong)譜窄，生物(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)效(xiao)(xiao)果(guo)相(xiang)對較(jiao)慢，生物(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)和(he)見效(xiao)(xiao)時間慢嚴重制(zhi)約了它的(de)(de)推廣使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)的(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)心理是藥(yao)(yao)到(dao)蟲(chong)(chong)死(si)，而生物(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)多數在施藥(yao)(yao)后三(san)、四天才能反映出來，農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)一時難(nan)(nan)以接受。另外，生物(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)單位(wei)成本較(jiao)化學(xue)(xue)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)高，農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)認為，用(yong)(yong)(yong)高毒農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)和(he)生物(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)生產的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)產品在市場上并沒有明顯的(de)(de)價格差(cha)，這也是部(bu)分農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)不(bu)愿使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)生物(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)重要原因。
2.促銷推廣(guang)不到(dao)位(wei)
一(yi)些較強(qiang)的技術(shu)要(yao)求(qiu)，導致(zhi)農(nong)(nong)民(min)不知情，不了解、不敢用(yong)和(he)不會用(yong)。一(yi)些農(nong)(nong)業(ye)植保(bao)部(bu)門一(yi)致(zhi)認為，操作技術(shu)性強(qiang)，對生物農(nong)(nong)藥的宣(xuan)傳力度不夠是其市(shi)場(chang)遇到冷落的重(zhong)要(yao)原因。其實(shi)，在農(nong)(nong)村大部(bu)分農(nong)(nong)民(min)還不太(tai)了解生物農(nong)(nong)藥，農(nong)(nong)民(min)還沒有綜合防治、保(bao)護(hu)環境(jing)和(he)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)持續發(fa)展的意(yi)識(shi)和(he)要(yao)求(qiu)。要(yao)推(tui)廣生物農(nong)(nong)藥必須先提高農(nong)(nong)民(min)的科學意(yi)識(shi)和(he)技能。生物農(nong)(nong)藥技術(shu)性強(qiang)，農(nong)(nong)民(min)在使用(yong)過程中需要(yao)有一(yi)個技術(shu)、觀念的轉軌及(ji)適應過程，新產品走(zou)向市(shi)場(chang)，最主(zhu)要(yao)的工(gong)作就在于推(tui)廣。
3.創新能力差品(pin)種單一成本高
目前，在(zai)我國(guo)200多家生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)農(nong)藥生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)企(qi)(qi)業中，絕大部分生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)農(nong)藥企(qi)(qi)業為小(xiao)型企(qi)(qi)業，其中鄉鎮企(qi)(qi)業占很大部分。這些企(qi)(qi)業易受市場(chang)沖擊，在(zai)農(nong)藥市場(chang)供大于(yu)求的形(xing)勢(shi)下銷(xiao)售困難。加上(shang)他們(men)缺(que)乏資金(jin)和(he)技(ji)術人員，加之(zhi)科(ke)研成果轉(zhuan)化(hua)率低，致使生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)農(nong)藥企(qi)(qi)業生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)規模(mo)小(xiao)、產(chan)品品種單一。有(you)專家認為，我國(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)農(nong)藥企(qi)(qi)業的產(chan)品比較(jiao)老化(hua)基本(ben)產(chan)品生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)難度(du)不高加上(shang)廠家大多是私營企(qi)(qi)業 決策分散重復建設(she)嚴重造(zao)成了(le)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)農(nong)藥市場(chang)競爭十分激(ji)烈。
在這方面(mian)，我們有過沉(chen)痛的(de)教(jiao)訓(xun)，如上(shang)世紀90年代末，升(sheng)華(hua)拜克、桂林(lin)集琦、威(wei)(wei)遠生(sheng)(sheng)化生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)阿維菌(jun)素(su)的(de)價(jia)格在1998年下(xia)滑(hua)60％以上(shang)的(de)基礎上(shang)1999 年繼續下(xia)跌(die)了(le)30％左右造成當年升(sheng)華(hua)拜克和威(wei)(wei)遠生(sheng)(sheng)化稅(shui)后利(li)潤小(xiao)幅下(xia)滑(hua)；桂林(lin)集琦稅(shui)后利(li)潤下(xia)跌(die)了(le)68.75％并且經營重點被迫從生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)農藥轉向了(le)人用(yong)藥。錢江生(sheng)(sheng)化的(de)主導產(chan)品(pin)井崗霉素(su)和赤霉素(su)的(de)價(jia)格也下(xia)滑(hua)了(le)30％左右。同時，科研和生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)脫節(jie)又使產(chan)品(pin)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)銷售利(li)潤不能按比例用(yong)于產(chan)品(pin)研究開發，使生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)農藥的(de)發展無法進入正(zheng)常的(de)快速發展軌道。
4.質量不(bu)穩定價格混(hun)亂
尤(you)其是一(yi)些鄉鎮辦企業生(sheng)(sheng)產的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)物農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)質(zhi)量低劣，而(er)一(yi)些經(jing)銷商因回扣大，又(you)熱衷于經(jing)營非法農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)廠產品，從而(er)嚴(yan)重(zhong)影響(xiang)了生(sheng)(sheng)物農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)的(de)聲譽(yu)。加(jia)上監管(guan)不力(li)，生(sheng)(sheng)物農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)價格比較(jiao)混亂(luan)，與傳統農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)相比，價格水(shui)平偏高，加(jia)重(zhong)了農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)負擔。等(deng)等(deng)，從多方面影響(xiang)了我(wo)國(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)物農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)市場推廣，造成了其叫好不叫座的(de)后(hou)果，嚴(yan)重(zhong)影響(xiang)了我(wo)國(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)物農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)的(de)健康發展。
