郭榮：生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)包括農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)抗生(sheng)(sheng)素(su)、活體微生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)和植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)源農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)。國(guo)際(ji)上農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)抗生(sheng)(sheng)素(su)是生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)中最主要的(de)一類，銷售額占(zhan)(zhan)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)的(de)90%。我國(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)年產量(liang)12-13萬噸制(zhi)劑，約占(zhan)(zhan)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)總產量(liang)的(de)12%，在生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)防治中，植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)源農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)占(zhan)(zhan)2.5%，人工(gong)天(tian)敵釋放(fang)占(zhan)(zhan)3.3%，微生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)占(zhan)(zhan)13.3%，農(nong)(nong)用抗生(sheng)(sheng)素(su)占(zhan)(zhan)80.4%，其(qi)他占(zhan)(zhan)0.5%。
目前，我(wo)國農(nong)業生(sheng)產中應(ying)用廣(guang)泛(fan)、面(mian)積較大的生(sheng)物(wu)農(nong)藥，以(yi)農(nong)用抗生(sheng)素(su)為主，如阿維菌素(su)、井岡霉素(su)、春雷(lei)霉素(su)等(deng)；其次是昆(kun)蟲(chong)病原菌制(zhi)劑。
我國生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)防(fang)治(zhi)技術及(ji)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)在上世紀70年代-90年代初(chu)經歷了(le)飛速(su)發展時期(qi)，進入二十一世紀后，生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)防(fang)治(zhi)雖然在病蟲害(hai)綜合防(fang)治(zhi)及(ji)“綠色植保”中占有(you)重要(yao)地(di)位，但推廣(guang)應用(yong)方面并沒(mei)有(you)太大(da)突破，除上海、北京(jing)等經濟實(shi)力較強省(sheng)市(shi)對(dui)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)防(fang)治(zhi)技術和(he)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)給予政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)和(he)財政(zheng)(zheng)上的(de)支(zhi)持外，中央及(ji)大(da)多數的(de)地(di)方政(zheng)(zheng)府沒(mei)有(you)對(dui)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)防(fang)治(zhi)及(ji)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)推廣(guang)應用(yong)的(de)激勵政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)和(he)資(zi)金支(zhi)持。
《中國農資》記者：目前生物農藥推廣應用的問題有哪些？
郭榮：一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面，我覺得(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)自身存在的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不足主要有：第一(yi)(yi)，覆(fu)蓋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)靶標病蟲范圍小(xiao)，一(yi)(yi)些農(nong)作物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)重(zhong)要病蟲防(fang)(fang)(fang)治缺少高效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)，當生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)上(shang)構建(jian)以生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態系統為中心(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)病蟲綜(zong)合防(fang)(fang)(fang)治技(ji)術(shu)體系時，缺少可(ke)(ke)供選(xuan)擇(ze)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)品種和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治技(ji)術(shu)措施(shi)；第二，藥(yao)(yao)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)揮受環境(jing)因素(su)影(ying)響較(jiao)大，速效(xiao)性普(pu)遍差，難(nan)(nan)以與(yu)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)抗衡；第三(san)，質量不穩定(ding)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)規模小(xiao)、產(chan)量較(jiao)少、貨架期短、價格相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)較(jiao)高。另一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面，在政策(ce)和(he)技(ji)術(shu)方(fang)(fang)面，同(tong)樣(yang)面臨著一(yi)(yi)些實際(ji)困(kun)難(nan)(nan)。一(yi)(yi)是國家宏觀政策(ce)對(dui)保護生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態環境(jing)和(he)農(nong)產(chan)品質量安全缺乏激勵措施(shi)，農(nong)民(min)對(dui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)沒(mei)有積極性，大宗農(nong)產(chan)品生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)上(shang)對(dui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)沒(mei)有體現明顯(xian)優勢；二是生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)與(yu)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)與(yu)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)采(cai)取相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、單一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)效(xiao)評價標準，使生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優點和(he)特(te)性難(nan)(nan)以突現出(chu)來，導致技(ji)術(shu)人員和(he)農(nong)民(min)只(zhi)注重(zhong)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治效(xiao)果，對(dui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環境(jing)安全性、高選(xuan)擇(ze)性、低毒低殘留(liu)、可(ke)(ke)持續(xu)控(kong)制等特(te)性缺乏認識和(he)必要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宣(xuan)傳；三(san)是研(yan)究(jiu)開發(fa)(fa)和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)脫節，重(zhong)基礎(chu)和(he)理論研(yan)究(jiu)，輕應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)研(yan)究(jiu)和(he)產(chan)業化(hua)(hua)推(tui)廣應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)；四(si)是隨著生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展和(he)轉基因作物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大面積釋放，BT、NPV等生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)范圍正(zheng)在縮減。
《中國農資》記者：就近段時間出現的海南毒豇豆事件，您認為我國生物農藥的推廣與應用所面臨的機遇有哪些呢？
郭榮：海南毒豇豆事件(jian)應該是(shi)轉變病(bing)蟲(chong)害(hai)防治(zhi)觀(guan)念，大力宣傳(chuan)和(he)(he)(he)推廣應用(yong)生(sheng)物農(nong)藥(yao)以及其(qi)他非化(hua)學防治(zhi)措施的(de)(de)良好(hao)契(qi)機。近年(nian)來(lai)，減少農(nong)業生(sheng)產的(de)(de)面(mian)源污染，保障農(nong)產品質量安全，越來(lai)越受(shou)到重視，特別是(shi)“公共植保、綠色植保”理念的(de)(de)提出和(he)(he)(he)實踐，為(wei)生(sheng)物防治(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)生(sheng)物農(nong)藥(yao)的(de)(de)發展(zhan)提供了平臺和(he)(he)(he)手段。
過去靠一(yi)家一(yi)戶小規模農戶難以推(tui)廣(guang)的新技術、通過公共植保及專業化防治的政府推(tui)動作用(yong)，可以得到迅(xun)速(su)推(tui)廣(guang)，而綠色(se)植保技術中(zhong)，生(sheng)物防治及生(sheng)物農藥無疑是最易(yi)于推(tui)廣(guang)、靶標(biao)病(bing)蟲(chong)范圍廣(guang)的技術措施(shi)。
《中國農資》記者：立足于現狀，您覺得我國的生物農藥的正確推廣與廣泛應用該采取哪些實際的工作措施呢？
郭榮：第(di)(di)一(yi)，在(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)評(ping)價體(ti)系(xi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，應(ying)加大農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)對(dui)(dui)農(nong)(nong)(nong)田生(sheng)(sheng)態環境和農(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)質量(liang)的(de)影響等因子在(zai)(zai)評(ping)價體(ti)系(xi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)比(bi)重；第(di)(di)二，在(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)上(shang)轉變傳(chuan)統的(de)對(dui)(dui)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)劑(ji)選擇(ze)(ze)的(de)標(biao)準，把(ba)選擇(ze)(ze)性(xing)、生(sheng)(sheng)態安(an)全性(xing)農(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)質量(liang)安(an)全等作為選擇(ze)(ze)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)劑(ji)的(de)主要(yao)指標(biao)，尤其(qi)注重宣傳(chuan)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)有(you)點和特性(xing)，逐步提(ti)高生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)在(zai)(zai)整個防(fang)治(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)比(bi)重；第(di)(di)三，在(zai)(zai)政(zheng)策層面(mian)上(shang)加大對(dui)(dui)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)及其(qi)他非化學(xue)防(fang)治(zhi)措(cuo)施的(de)支持力(li)度，切實推動生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)健康(kang)、有(you)序發(fa)展(zhan)；第(di)(di)四，嘗試建立科(ke)研、生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)、推廣(guang)、應(ying)用相結(jie)合的(de)協作聯合體(ti)，協作公關，形成合力(li)，加速科(ke)研成果(guo)轉換，充分利用社(she)會各方力(li)量(liang)促進發(fa)展(zhan)；第(di)(di)五，從根本上(shang)解決農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)濫(lan)用藥(yao)(yao)(yao)問題，提(ti)高農(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)質量(liang)安(an)全，不能只抓(zhua)產(chan)(chan)后檢測，要(yao)在(zai)(zai)產(chan)(chan)前和產(chan)(chan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)環節(jie)上(shang)下狠(hen)功夫(fu)，培(pei)訓農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)、提(ti)供給農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)切實可行的(de)防(fang)治(zhi)技術和環保安(an)全的(de)投(tou)入品(pin)(pin)，替代化學(xue)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)。
