張立寧
最近在農村走訪時了解到，一些地方為推廣和提倡農民使用綠色農藥，對(dui)(dui)一(yi)些低(di)毒(du)低(di)殘留(liu)及生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)實行補貼，用戶只拿一(yi)半(ban)的錢(qian)就(jiu)能買(mai)到。毫無(wu)疑問這是件好事(shi)，但卻有(you)人不買(mai)賬。原因在哪兒(er)？在與一(yi)些種(zhong)植(zhi)戶座談時得知，他們有(you)不少人對(dui)(dui)低(di)毒(du)低(di)殘留(liu)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)缺乏了解，存在認識誤區(qu)，認為低(di)毒(du)就(jiu)等于(yu)低(di)效。還有(you)些人以前用過(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)，沒看到立竿見影的效果，就(jiu)對(dui)(dui)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)失去(qu)信心(xin)，甚至全盤否定(ding)。
生物農藥(yao)(yao)與傳統的(de)(de)(de)高毒農藥(yao)(yao)相(xiang)比，的(de)(de)(de)確(que)(que)見效慢，但(dan)有它的(de)(de)(de)好處，如(ru)藥(yao)(yao)效期長、害蟲不(bu)易產(chan)生抗藥(yao)(yao)性(xing)、無污染等(deng)。實際上如(ru)果能掌握好使(shi)用(yong)(yong)方法，做到科學正(zheng)確(que)(que)用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)，生物農藥(yao)(yao)殺蟲效果決(jue)不(bu)低于那(nei)些高毒的(de)(de)(de)有機磷類(lei)農藥(yao)(yao)。
如甲維鹽(yan)，對夜(ye)蛾科(ke)害蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)防(fang)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)很好，該藥(yao)低毒、高效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)、廣譜、持(chi)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)期長，其(qi)(qi)作用機理是阻礙害蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)運動神(shen)經信息(xi)傳遞而使蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)體麻(ma)痹死亡(wang)。幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)在(zai)接觸(chu)藥(yao)劑后很快停止(zhi)進食，發生不(bu)可逆(ni)轉的麻(ma)痹。所以(yi)與其(qi)(qi)他農(nong)藥(yao)無交(jiao)互抗性，對其(qi)(qi)他農(nong)藥(yao)已產生抗藥(yao)性的害蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)用該藥(yao)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)果很好。但(dan)需要(yao)提醒的是，用甲維鹽(yan)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)各種夜(ye)蛾科(ke)害蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)應做到(dao)(dao)“治(zhi)(zhi)早治(zhi)(zhi)小”，一般在(zai)幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)3齡前(qian)用藥(yao)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)，在(zai)昆蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)初齡幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)期用藥(yao)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)果最好，蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)齡越大，防(fang)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)越差，等(deng)(deng)到(dao)(dao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)子進入葉片、鉆入果內再噴藥(yao)，效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)果就(jiu)差了(le)，等(deng)(deng)到(dao)(dao)世(shi)代交(jiao)叉時防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)就(jiu)更難(nan)了(le)。要(yao)做到(dao)(dao)“藥(yao)等(deng)(deng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)吃(chi)”，不(bu)要(yao)“見(jian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)用藥(yao)”。
再比如滅幼脲類殺蟲劑主(zhu)要是(shi)胃毒作用，觸(chu)殺作用差，無內吸作用，施藥(yao)后3~5天藥(yao)效(xiao)才逐漸增大和明顯，所以有的農民誤(wu)認為藥(yao)效(xiao)不好。
還有(you)，像蘇云金桿(gan)菌屬于生物制劑，使用(yong)時不能(neng)與(yu)(yu)殺菌劑混(hun)(hun)(hun)用(yong)，也不要與(yu)(yu)內吸(xi)性(xing)強的有(you)機磷混(hun)(hun)(hun)用(yong)，不能(neng)與(yu)(yu)堿性(xing)農藥混(hun)(hun)(hun)用(yong)。以上這些農藥的特(te)點和禁忌都應向(xiang)使用(yong)者說(shuo)明白，不然，好藥用(yong)不好，方法不對頭，用(yong)戶(hu)難免(mian)產生誤解。
由(you)此(ci)可見，低(di)毒(du)低(di)殘留和(he)生物(wu)農(nong)藥在使用上是很有講(jiang)究的。這(zhe)就要(yao)求在推廣(guang)這(zhe)類農(nong)藥時，首先應向用戶(hu)講(jiang)明白生物(wu)農(nong)藥的特殊性，不能認(ren)為只(zhi)要(yao)有政(zheng)府補貼，農(nong)民(min)就一(yi)定會買賬(zhang)。推廣(guang)這(zhe)類農(nong)藥只(zhi)補錢還不夠，還要(yao)給農(nong)民(min)補上技術這(zhe)一(yi)課，教會他(ta)們正確認(ren)識和(he)科學使用低(di)毒(du)低(di)殘農(nong)藥，把(ba)好事辦(ban)好！
這方面山(shan)東(dong)省平度市(shi)蓼(liao)蘭(lan)供銷(xiao)社就(jiu)做得(de)很(hen)好，他(ta)們在接(jie)到(dao)低(di)毒低(di)殘留及生物農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)配(pei)(pei)送任務時，面對全(quan)市(shi)20多萬(wan)(wan)畝蔬菜種植戶，不是(shi)硬性推銷(xiao)或簡單(dan)送貨，而是(shi)先(xian)組織技術人員下(xia)鄉調查(cha)走訪，與農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)一起做試驗示(shi)(shi)范，還請來植保專家(jia)為農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)講(jiang)課，先(xian)讓(rang)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)了解這類農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)的(de)好處是(shi)什(shen)么(me)，缺點是(shi)什(shen)么(me)，該(gai)注意什(shen)么(me)，理論上講(jiang)明了，還要(yao)讓(rang)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)看(kan)到(dao)示(shi)(shi)范效果，解除(chu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)心中的(de)顧慮。通過(guo)技術培訓，提高了廣大種植戶使用綠色農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)的(de)積極性，短短兩(liang)個(ge)月這家(jia)供銷(xiao)社就(jiu)配(pei)(pei)送低(di)毒低(di)殘留農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)達(da)400萬(wan)(wan)元，在平度使用低(di)毒低(di)殘留及生物農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)已蔚然成風(feng)。
由此可(ke)以看(kan)出，生物農藥推(tui)廣并非價格便宜(yi)就能讓(rang)農民接受，還有不少(shao)工作要(yao)做，有些工作還必須做細，要(yao)把好(hao)事辦好(hao)，補(bu)錢和(he)“補(bu)腦”要(yao)結合，配送和(he)培訓要(yao)同步(bu)。
