記者近期在安徽、浙江等地農村采訪了解到,雖然當地政府高度重視農產品安全工作,但農村依然出現環保農業技術難推廣、農產品檢測檢驗設施閑置、土壤等農業生產資料污染加重等令人擔憂的現象。
農產品質(zhi)量安檢中心冷(leng)清清
隨著近年(nian)來(lai)農產品(pin)的安(an)全(quan)問題日(ri)益受到關注,各類(lei)農產品(pin)質量(liang)安(an)全(quan)檢測檢驗機構(gou)開始逐(zhu)步建立。然而(er),記者(zhe)在浙江(jiang)、安(an)徽等地采訪發現,這些(xie)本該為農產品(pin)安(an)全(quan)而(er)忙碌的機構(gou),卻門可(ke)羅雀。
在霍(huo)邱(qiu)縣農產(chan)品(pin)安全(quan)檢驗中(zhong)心,記者(zhe)看到,實驗室大門緊鎖。霍(huo)邱(qiu)縣農委(wei)副主(zhu)任(ren)張友國對記者(zhe)說,這(zhe)個花了幾十(shi)萬元建立(li)起來的檢驗中(zhong)心,從去(qu)年建好以來幾乎(hu)沒進行過相關(guan)的檢測。
六安(an)市農委副(fu)主任(ren)武(wu)克強分析了農產品檢(jian)(jian)(jian)驗機構(gou)冷(leng)清的原(yuan)因:檢(jian)(jian)(jian)驗經費缺乏(fa)。以(yi)種子檢(jian)(jian)(jian)驗為(wei)例,六安(an)市目前有200多個(ge)種子品種,以(yi)一年檢(jian)(jian)(jian)驗一次算,一年就要200多次,一次需要上千元,甚至幾千元,這筆錢由誰來(lai)出?政府沒有撥款,農委自身也(ye)出不起。
無污染生(sheng)物農藥無人問津
安徽(hui)省(sheng)“農(nong)(nong)產品(pin)安全(quan)”重點實驗室的研究表明(ming),當(dang)前(qian)農(nong)(nong)產品(pin)安全(quan)形勢面臨的最(zui)大挑戰是農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)殘留(liu)問題。農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)的過量使(shi)用使(shi)農(nong)(nong)產品(pin)的安全(quan)性大為降(jiang)低,嚴重危害人(ren)群(qun)健康(kang),同時使(shi)我國農(nong)(nong)產品(pin)頻頻遭遇(yu)國外的“綠色堡壘(lei)”,嚴重影響農(nong)(nong)業發展和農(nong)(nong)民增收。
正是(shi)因為看到(dao)了(le)濫用(yong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥的嚴重后果,2000年,霍(huo)邱縣(xian)大(da)(da)張(zhang)旗鼓地向全縣(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民推廣(guang)新(xin)型生(sheng)物農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥技術,以期(qi)降低普通農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥的施用(yong)量,減少農(nong)(nong)(nong)業污染(ran)提高農(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)品安(an)全度。張(zhang)友國說:“縣(xian)里的決心很大(da)(da),報紙、電視不斷宣傳,向農(nong)(nong)(nong)民推廣(guang)一種叫‘BT’的生(sheng)物農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥,這(zhe)種生(sheng)物農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥可以有效防治(zhi)水(shui)稻病蟲害(hai),比現(xian)在(zai)霍(huo)邱縣(xian)施用(yong)的低毒農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥還要(yao)環保(bao)。在(zai)縣(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業部門兩年的努(nu)力下,一度使用(yong)面積達到(dao)了(le)20萬畝(mu)。”
然而,生物農藥很快就(jiu)在(zai)霍邱(qiu)(qiu)縣遭到(dao)冷落。張友國說,現在(zai)霍邱(qiu)(qiu)縣農民施(shi)用(yong)生物農藥幾乎為零,霍邱(qiu)(qiu)縣也放(fang)棄了向農民推廣(guang)生物農藥的努力,轉而向農民推薦施(shi)用(yong)低毒(du)低殘留(liu)農藥,并嚴查高毒(du)高殘留(liu)農藥的施(shi)用(yong)行為。
“農(nong)(nong)(nong)民不(bu)接受(shou)是生物(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥失敗的(de)(de)主要原因(yin)”,張(zhang)友國說,生物(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥雖然環(huan)保,但成本是普通農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥的(de)(de)1.5-2倍,同(tong)時見(jian)效(xiao)(xiao)慢,普通農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥施用(yong)后當(dang)天或幾天后就(jiu)會(hui)見(jian)到(dao)成效(xiao)(xiao),而生物(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥卻在(zai)半個(ge)月甚至一個(ge)月之后才見(jian)效(xiao)(xiao),因(yin)此,農(nong)(nong)(nong)民大(da)多(duo)偏愛施用(yong)見(jian)效(xiao)(xiao)快、成本低(di)的(de)(de)高(gao)毒高(gao)殘留農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥。
記(ji)者在(zai)霍邱(qiu)縣(xian)走訪了一(yi)些(xie)(xie)農(nong)民(min),這些(xie)(xie)農(nong)民(min)說(shuo),由于現(xian)在(zai)大多外出(chu)打工,打農(nong)藥(yao)一(yi)般(ban)包給專(zhuan)門的(de)打藥(yao)人,每(mei)畝幾(ji)元到十多元不等,至(zhi)于打藥(yao)人打的(de)是什么藥(yao),農(nong)民(min)一(yi)般(ban)不管。
安徽(hui)(hui)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業科學(xue)院(yuan)植(zhi)保所農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業安全與應用研究所的研究表明(ming):“安徽(hui)(hui)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產品(pin)中農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)殘留嚴重(zhong),一些(xie)殘留期(qi)較長(chang)的高(gao)毒農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)在農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產品(pin)中有檢(jian)出,嚴重(zhong)影響人民的身(shen)體健康和(he)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產品(pin)的市(shi)場競爭(zheng)力。安徽(hui)(hui)省稻(dao)(dao)米類農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產品(pin)涉及(ji)的農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)品(pin)種有99個,麥類涉及(ji)70種相關農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)。據安徽(hui)(hui)省農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業標(biao)準化中心檢(jian)測,所檢(jian)稻(dao)(dao)米類農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產品(pin)中均有六六六和(he)DDT等檢(jian)出,但尚未超標(biao)。”
化肥(fei)撒得再多也不頂事
土(tu)壤是農(nong)產品的母體。近年(nian)來隨著鄉鎮工業化的發展(zhan),加上農(nong)藥(yao)、化肥投入量(liang)過大(da)等原(yuan)因,農(nong)村土(tu)壤污染日趨嚴重(zhong)。
記者近期在(zai)浙江農村采訪時,一(yi)些農民說(shuo):“過去,化肥撒得多的,產量就高,現(xian)在(zai)化肥撒得再(zai)多也(ye)不(bu)(bu)頂事,是(shi)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)假貨?”
化(hua)肥不是假的,而是由于土壤(rang)受(shou)到了污染,影響了農作物(wu)的產量。浙江省環保局的一份調研(yan)報告認為,“長期過量施用化(hua)肥、忽視有機肥,土壤(rang)承(cheng)載壓力過重,造(zao)成土壤(rang)養分失衡,地力下降,導(dao)致(zhi)農民利(li)益受(shou)損(sun)。”
浙江大學環境與資源學院副(fu)院長陳英(ying)旭教授說:“我國已有1.5億畝耕地遭到不同程度的(de)污染(ran)(ran),農村環境污染(ran)(ran)引起的(de)民(min)事糾紛增多,長期污染(ran)(ran)積累的(de)矛盾逐漸(jian)激(ji)化。”
在經濟欠發達的農業大省安徽,其土壤污染狀況令人擔憂。安徽省農委的專家說,安徽部分稻米樣品中的砷、鎘含量超標,這可能與土壤有關。一方面,安徽省少數地方的土壤本身含有砷、鎘等物質;另一方面,工業污染物的排放,廢物、廢水、廢氣從地面、水域、大氣等三方面對土壤構成污染,日積月累、年復一年,是造成安徽農產品部分指標超標的重要原因。
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