進入21世紀以來,我國生物農藥在(zai)全球呈現(xian)快速增長(chang)的態勢。然而,就整個生(sheng)物(wu)農(nong)(nong)藥市(shi)場現(xian)狀來看(kan),還存在(zai)不少(shao)問(wen)題,當前生(sheng)物(wu)農(nong)(nong)藥市(shi)場由100多家中小企(qi)業分割,高度分散,許多公司往往只(zhi)有(you)一(yi)兩種產(chan)品(pin),規模小、產(chan)品(pin)單一(yi)成為制約(yue)我國生(sheng)物(wu)農(nong)(nong)藥行業的壯(zhuang)大(da)和規模化發展的瓶頸。
生物(wu)(wu)農藥在全(quan)球(qiu)呈現(xian)快速增長的態勢,2015年(nian),全(quan)世界用于生物(wu)(wu)農藥的研(yan)發(fa)投資超(chao)過農藥投資總(zong)額的5%,而我國不(bu)到2%,研(yan)發(fa)投入(ru)不(bu)足(zu)成為我國生物(wu)(wu)農藥產業發(fa)展(zhan)的攔(lan)路虎。
“武大(da)(da)綠洲(zhou)公司成立(li)16年以來,先后更換了4任(ren)老(lao)板,資本不斷注(zhu)入,但市場卻遲遲不見起色,十(shi)幾年沒有進行過分紅。生物農(nong)藥研發投(tou)入大(da)(da),投(tou)資回報(bao)慢,嚴(yan)重制約(yue)了產(chan)業的(de)健康發展。”武漢大(da)(da)學教授、武漢武大(da)(da)綠洲(zhou)生物技(ji)術有限公司副總經(jing)理尹(yin)宜農(nong)表(biao)示(shi)
據了解,武(wu)大綠洲是(shi)我國昆蟲(chong)病毒殺蟲(chong)劑登記品(pin)種最多、資質最全的(de)生物農藥(yao)企(qi)業(ye),自成立以來(lai),一直在(zai)不(bu)斷(duan)投(tou)入(ru),也(ye)一直在(zai)堅守中艱難生存。“生物農藥(yao)屬于(yu)綠色產業(ye),也(ye)符合國家的(de)產業(ye)政策,但就是(shi)不(bu)賺錢。只見投(tou)入(ru)如(ru)流水,未見效(xiao)益產出來(lai),這不(bu)僅是(shi)武(wu)大綠洲的(de)困惑,而且是(shi)全國生物農藥(yao)生產企(qi)業(ye)的(de)悲哀。”尹(yin)宜農無(wu)奈地說(shuo)
尹宜農表(biao)示(shi),武漢(han)大學生物(wu)學院的課題(ti)組(zu)從20世紀70年代開始,經過幾代人的努力,歷時幾十年搜(sou)集(ji)昆蟲病毒,如今(jin)已(yi)達680多種(zhong)病毒。如果(guo)有足(zu)夠(gou)的資金(jin)投(tou)入(ru),就(jiu)能夠(gou)開發出680多種(zhong)具有針對(dui)性(xing)的生物(wu)農藥。但是生物(wu)農藥的研發需要大量資金(jin)投(tou)入(ru),少則(ze)數百萬元,多則(ze)上(shang)億元。因(yin)為資金(jin)的原因(yin),它(ta)只能被(bei)“雪藏”,這是件令人疼心(xin)的事情(qing)
武漢科(ke)(ke)諾生物(wu)(wu)科(ke)(ke)技(ji)股份有限公(gong)司總經理李青(qing)表示,目前世界上使用生物(wu)(wu)農藥(yao)最(zui)多的(de)(de)地區是歐洲,約占(zhan)農藥(yao)使用總量的(de)(de)20%,美國(guo)約占(zhan)10%,我國(guo)則在2%左右。面(mian)對不景氣的(de)(de)國(guo)內市(shi)場,科(ke)(ke)諾公(gong)司10多年來得以維系生存,主要(yao)是靠海外市(shi)場的(de)(de)銷(xiao)售。“在我國(guo)生物(wu)(wu)農藥(yao)叫好不叫座的(de)(de)情(qing)況下,我們不能(neng)吊死在國(guo)內市(shi)場一棵樹上。”李青(qing)說。
湖南惠農(nong)(nong)生物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)工(gong)(gong)程有限(xian)公司總經(jing)理卜雪冰認為,生物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)發(fa)展較慢,一方(fang)面由(you)(you)于生物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)與(yu)化學農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)相比(bi)效果慢、使用成本高(gao),另一方(fang)面由(you)(you)于生物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)推廣(guang)應(ying)用、銷售(shou)渠道不(bu)(bu)暢通,生物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)與(yu)化學農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)競爭就好比(bi)龜(gui)兔賽跑,實力相差懸殊。如果不(bu)(bu)改(gai)變企業生產熱、推廣(guang)應(ying)用冷、農(nong)(nong)民不(bu)(bu)接受(shou)的(de)現狀,生物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)會成為中國農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)工(gong)(gong)業的(de)短板(ban)。在(zai)化學農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)方(fang)面,我國落后發(fa)達國家幾(ji)十年,如果不(bu)(bu)引起重視,生物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)同(tong)樣會落后。
此(ci)外,為(wei)了(le)提高生物(wu)(wu)藥(yao)(yao)劑的(de)(de)速效性(xing)、性(xing)價比,有些(xie)生產企業(ye)(ye)在生物(wu)(wu)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)中違規添(tian)加(jia)化(hua)(hua)學農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)成(cheng)分(fen),抹黑了(le)生物(wu)(wu)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)形(xing)象。此(ci)前(qian),農(nong)業(ye)(ye)部通報(bao)2015年第(di)二批農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)監督抽查結果,抽檢的(de)(de)1447個農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)樣品中,有生物(wu)(wu)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)產品16個,質量(liang)合格率為(wei)31.3%,不合格原因主要是非法添(tian)加(jia)了(le)化(hua)(hua)學農(nong)藥(yao)(yao),或者未檢出(chu)標注的(de)(de)生物(wu)(wu)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)成(cheng)分(fen)。違法違規生產行(xing)為(wei),對(dui)生物(wu)(wu)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)產業(ye)(ye)無疑是雪上加(jia)霜。
據了解(jie),對(dui)于生(sheng)物農藥,農藥生(sheng)產企業不(bu)敢大舉(ju)介入(ru),農業和(he)植保系統(tong)不(bu)能大力(li)推廣,農戶不(bu)愿大規模采購(gou)使(shi)用,是(shi)生(sheng)物農藥發展難以(yi)實現突(tu)破(po)的原因(yin)。
生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)企(qi)業(ye)表示(shi),研(yan)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)農(nong)(nong)藥投資(zi)大、經濟效(xiao)益(yi)差(cha)、回報(bao)周期長。由于生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)農(nong)(nong)藥成分復雜(za)、登記困難、實現規(gui)模化和(he)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)化難,農(nong)(nong)藥企(qi)業(ye)普遍不愿(yuan)意涉足。我(wo)國(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)農(nong)(nong)藥生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)企(qi)業(ye)普遍規(gui)模較小、效(xiao)益(yi)低下(xia),面(mian)臨發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)困境。山西科谷生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)農(nong)(nong)藥有(you)限公(gong)司(si)總經理胡(hu)秋(qiu)義(yi)表示(shi),他們公(gong)司(si)研(yan)制的(de)白僵菌產(chan)(chan)品,推廣多年市場仍沒有(you)全面(mian)打開,影響了后續的(de)科研(yan)投入和(he)滾動發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。
在農(nong)業和植保等(deng)農(nong)藥(yao)推廣部門看來,生物農(nong)藥(yao)多(duo)數(shu)在施用三四天后才能見到效(xiao)果,很難(nan)取得“一(yi)炮打響”的示范效(xiao)果。加上(shang)生物農(nong)藥(yao)使(shi)用要求較高,推廣步(bu)履(lv)維艱。
對于農(nong)戶而言,使(shi)用生物農(nong)藥見效慢、成本(ben)高,同時農(nong)產品優質優價(jia)的機制還沒有建立起(qi)來,使(shi)用生物農(nong)藥的產品附加值得不(bu)到體現。
湖(hu)南省(sheng)植保植檢站站長楊孚初認為,從環(huan)境保護(hu)的(de)(de)角度來看,生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)無(wu)疑是農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)方向之一(yi),但生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)取決于它能(neng)否(fou)獲得市(shi)場(chang)的(de)(de)認可。目(mu)前(qian),仍看不到(dao)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)能(neng)在(zai)(zai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)市(shi)場(chang)成為主流的(de)(de)有(you)力(li)依據(ju)。有(you)些生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)學家預測(ce):生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)雖然有(you)一(yi)定的(de)(de)市(shi)場(chang),但在(zai)(zai)未來10年(nian)甚至20年(nian)都不會占農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)主導地(di)位。因為在(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)同時,化(hua)學農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)也有(you)了長足的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan),近50年(nian)來,化(hua)學農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)品(pin)種(zhong)更新很快,新品(pin)種(zhong)的(de)(de)毒性(xing)在(zai)(zai)下降,活性(xing)在(zai)(zai)提高,環(huan)境相容(rong)性(xing)也在(zai)(zai)改善。在(zai)(zai)環(huan)境保護(hu)呼聲的(de)(de)推(tui)動下,化(hua)學農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)亦得到(dao)了很大改進,化(hua)學農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)綠色化(hua)為其發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)拓(tuo)展(zhan)(zhan)了空間。生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)產業要健康發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan),必須走好產業創新與推(tui)廣(guang)應用兩步棋。
生(sheng)物農(nong)藥產業(ye)呼(hu)吁(yu),生(sheng)物農(nong)藥在(zai)中(zhong)國正處于研發推廣(guang)的投(tou)入期。我國應(ying)借(jie)鑒發達國家經驗,在(zai)政策(ce)、資金(jin)、平臺(tai)建(jian)設等方面對生(sheng)物農(nong)藥予以全面扶持,通過統防統治進行推廣(guang)。同時加強(qiang)宣傳,提升相(xiang)關群體(ti)對生(sheng)物農(nong)藥的認知度(du),徹(che)底打破“企業(ye)不愛(ai)、植保不推、農(nong)民不買”的僵局。
業內人士認(ren)為,有(you)(you)了國家政策(ce)的(de)支持,生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)農(nong)藥面臨的(de)瓶頸(jing)可以(yi)突破。在(zai)多方合力下,生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)農(nong)藥產(chan)品也有(you)(you)成功推(tui)廣(guang)的(de)實例。如(ru)獲2014年度國家科技(ji)進步(bu)二等獎(jiang)的(de)新型(xing)天然蒽醌化(hua)合物(wu)(wu)農(nong)用殺菌劑,被列(lie)入國家星火計(ji)劃(hua)項目推(tui)廣(guang)產(chan)品,并獲歐盟(meng)ECOCERT有(you)(you)機認(ren)證。這種生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)農(nong)藥對農(nong)作(zuo)物(wu)(wu)的(de)防病(bing)效果(guo)達到90%以(yi)上,且蔬菜(cai)、水果(guo)噴藥后(hou)第二天就可食用。自2008年推(tui)廣(guang)以(yi)來累計(ji)使用超過(guo)2000萬(wan)畝(mu),增(zeng)收節支43億(yi)元
華南農業大學教授、國務院政府特殊津貼專家徐(xu)漢虹(hong)指(zhi)出,國家要積極(ji)推進建(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)以企業為主體、科(ke)研(yan)院所(suo)為支(zhi)撐、市(shi)場為導向、技(ji)術為核(he)心(xin)、產學研(yan)相結合(he)的生物農藥科(ke)技(ji)創(chuang)新(xin)體系。扶持優勢企業創(chuang)新(xin)能力建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she),引(yin)導并支(zhi)持企業建(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)國家級、省(sheng)級工(gong)程技(ji)術中(zhong)心(xin),建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)技(ji)術交(jiao)易平臺,加快科(ke)技(ji)成果(guo)轉(zhuan)化。建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)和完善(shan)一批(pi)具有(you)國際先(xian)進水平的生物農藥專業化研(yan)究開發中(zhong)心(xin),增強市(shi)場競爭力
山東(dong)省科學院激(ji)光所(suo)(suo)所(suo)(suo)長楊合(he)同表示,農(nong)作物(wu)病蟲草(cao)害引起(qi)的損失最(zui)多可達(da)70%,通過(guo)正確使用農(nong)藥可以挽回40%左(zuo)右的損失。作物(wu)生長需(xu)(xu)(xu)要農(nong)藥,更(geng)需(xu)(xu)(xu)要生物(wu)農(nong)藥。國家必須(xu)在(zai)政(zheng)策支持(chi)上發(fa)力(li),一方面是(shi)激(ji)活有機蔬果(guo)和生物(wu)農(nong)藥市場需(xu)(xu)(xu)求,另一方面是(shi)激(ji)發(fa)農(nong)民、企業、科研工作者三方發(fa)展生物(wu)農(nong)藥的積(ji)極性。
湖南省植(zhi)保植(zhi)檢站副(fu)站長唐(tang)會聯表示,國(guo)家應建立生(sheng)物(wu)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)示范試驗區,助推生(sheng)物(wu)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)產(chan)(chan)業發展。可以首先(xian)在(zai)有機蔬菜、果樹、茶(cha)葉等作物(wu)及(ji)城市園林(lin)綠化等經濟效益較好的(de)產(chan)(chan)業中實(shi)施生(sheng)物(wu)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)應用的(de)補貼,再逐漸向生(sheng)態農(nong)(nong)業產(chan)(chan)業區推廣(guang),從而加(jia)快我國(guo)生(sheng)物(wu)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)的(de)市場應用。可喜的(de)是,生(sheng)物(wu)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)的(de)推廣(guang)已列入(ru)今年種(zhong)植(zhi)業工作重點,其推廣(guang)應用將會提速。
湖南農(nong)業大學(xue)植保(bao)學(xue)院副院長李有志(zhi)認為,國家(jia)一(yi)方面要(yao)(yao)對企業自(zi)主(zhu)研發的(de)生(sheng)物(wu)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)給(gei)予(yu)必要(yao)(yao)的(de)財政(zheng)支持(chi),以降低企業研發和生(sheng)產(chan)成本;另一(yi)方面要(yao)(yao)為生(sheng)物(wu)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)登(deng)記(ji)開辟綠色通道,對生(sheng)物(wu)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)產(chan)業實施登(deng)記(ji)優惠(hui)政(zheng)策。尤其是對生(sheng)物(wu)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)登(deng)記(ji)應(ying)給(gei)予(yu)一(yi)定的(de)財政(zheng)補貼,在登(deng)記(ji)條件中縮(suo)短試驗(yan)時間、減(jian)少試驗(yan)點數、減(jian)免重(zhong)復試驗(yan),并減(jian)免部分登(deng)記(ji)資料、簡化登(deng)記(ji)程序(xu)、縮(suo)短登(deng)記(ji)周期,使合(he)格的(de)生(sheng)物(wu)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)品(pin)種能夠快(kuai)速進(jin)入市場
湖南(nan)省農作物病蟲害專業化(hua)統防統治(zhi)服(fu)務聯盟副主(zhu)席(xi)黃安輝認為(wei),發展(zhan)生物農藥必須(xu)接地(di)氣,一是抓產(chan)品(pin)質量(liang),質量(liang)好市場才(cai)會好;二是抓科學(xue)普及(ji),只有種(zhong)植業者接受,產(chan)品(pin)才(cai)會有市場;三(san)是抓示范推(tui)廣,通(tong)過公(gong)司(si)(si)+農戶、公(gong)司(si)(si)+基地(di)、公(gong)司(si)(si)+協會、公(gong)司(si)(si)+服(fu)務組織等多(duo)種(zhong)形式,實(shi)現產(chan)需對接,快(kuai)速(su)打通(tong)銷售(shou)渠道
徐漢虹指出,化學(xue)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)過量使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)不僅(jin)造成(cheng)(cheng)生(sheng)(sheng)產成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)增(zeng)加,還(huan)會(hui)影響農(nong)(nong)(nong)產品質(zhi)量安全和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環境安全。我(wo)(wo)國(guo)要(yao)(yao)(yao)實現(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)減量控害、零(ling)增(zeng)長,必須把化學(xue)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)量降下來(lai),生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)替(ti)代化學(xue)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)是一個不錯(cuo)的(de)(de)(de)辦法。關(guan)鍵是國(guo)家(jia)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)出臺鼓勵使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)有效措施。他(ta)建議(yi),在全國(guo)推行(xing)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)補貼制度,提高(gao)種植(zhi)者(zhe)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)積極性(xing),讓種植(zhi)業者(zhe)得(de)到(dao)實惠(hui),這樣才能(neng)促進(jin)種植(zhi)業者(zhe)在使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)上實現(xian)(xian)“要(yao)(yao)(yao)我(wo)(wo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)”到(dao)“我(wo)(wo)要(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)”的(de)(de)(de)轉變。
卜雪冰表示,應該(gai)將發(fa)展(zhan)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)提(ti)升(sheng)到國(guo)家(jia)戰(zhan)略高(gao)度(du),打破國(guo)際農(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品貿易綠色壁壘,擴大農(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品出(chu)(chu)口(kou)。國(guo)家(jia)應該(gai)出(chu)(chu)臺支持(chi)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)發(fa)展(zhan)的配套政策,一是在資(zi)(zi)金上給予(yu)支持(chi),研(yan)(yan)發(fa)資(zi)(zi)金、創(chuang)新(xin)資(zi)(zi)金、技改資(zi)(zi)金等(deng)向生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)傾斜;二是在財政稅收上給予(yu)支持(chi),對生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)企業(ye)在一定期限內給予(yu)免稅或(huo)減(jian)稅,提(ti)高(gao)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)出(chu)(chu)口(kou)退稅,鼓勵(li)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)出(chu)(chu)口(kou);三(san)是建(jian)立國(guo)家(jia)級生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)研(yan)(yan)發(fa)中心、產(chan)(chan)(chan)學(xue)研(yan)(yan)結合(he)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)基地,加(jia)快科技成果轉化;四是鼓勵(li)政府植保公共平臺積極推廣生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao),加(jia)速農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)推廣應用部門(men)與生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)融合(he);五(wu)是加(jia)大政府對生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)的采購(gou)力度(du),擴大政府對生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)使用補貼(tie)范(fan)圍。
唐會聯指出,國家應該加大生物農藥推廣應用力度,建立國家、省、市、縣、鎮、村六級生物農藥應用示范試驗區,先在有機蔬菜、水果、茶葉、中藥材等經濟效益較好的特色作物區域開展示范試驗,再逐步向生態農業產業區推廣,促進生物農藥的推廣應用。